HOWTO ubuntu helpfull commands
Reloading profile - how to reload Unix profile
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Use the following command to reload a unix profile (/etc/profile, ~/.profile, ~/.bash_profile ...):
$ . ~/.profile
$ . /etc/profile
Notice: . (dot) is a command that originates from source command. On some unix flavours (FreeBSD 6 for example) source command works still:
$ source ~/.profile
$ source /etc/profile
.profile settings overwrite those in /etc/profile. You can also use .bash_profile in your home directory to customize your bash shell's profile.
Basically, if you need to load shell variables from any file just run the . (dot) command, followed by space and (the absolute path is necessary) the path to the file. (Be carefull what file you're loading variables from because you meight overwrite some important environment variables and your system could become unstable).
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Some of Ubuntu's keyboard shortcuts are built in
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but others require the use of Compiz, the window effects manager that's activated when you enable desktop effects (and third-party drivers) in the Appearance options, under System/Preferences. When you do, you'll have a few handy keyboard shortcuts at the ready, including these basic window management standbys:
* Super + A – "scale" effect, shows all windows
* Alt + F10 – toggle maximize current window
* Alt + F9 – minimize current window
* Ctrl + Alt + D – toggle show desktop
* Alt + Middle mouse button – resize window
It's also helpful to know that the "Me"/messaging window, one of the best improvements in Ubuntu 10.04, can be accessed by pressing the Windows key ("Super") + M. That combo used to invert the screen colors for the whole desktop, but now requires some tweaking in the Compiz settings, most likely. To invert the colors of the window that's open, hit Super + N.
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Some of the following keyboard shortcuts will not work at all if Compiz (visual effects) if turned off.
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Workspaces
* Ctrl + Alt + Left/Right/Up/Down arrow – move to the workspace in the given direction
* Ctrl + Alt + Shift + Left/Right arrow – move the current window to the workspace in the given direction
* Super + E - “expo” effect, shows all workspaces (move windows with left mouse button, zoom to a workspace with right mouse button)
Window Management
* Super + W – “scale” effect, shows all windows in current workspace (left click selects window, middle click closes window, right click zooms window)
* Super + A – “scale” effect, shows all windows
* Alt + F10 – toggle maximize current window
* Alt + F9 – minimize current window
* Ctrl + Alt + D – toggle show desktop
* Alt + Middle mouse button – resize window
* Alt + Left mouse button – move window
* Alt + Right mouse button – window menu
* Alt + F7 – move current window (without holding down mouse button)
* Alt + F8 – resize current window (without holding down mouse button)
* Alt + Tab – switch windows on current workspace
* Ctrl + Alt + Tab – switch windows on all workspaces
Accessibility
* Super + Mouse wheel scroll – zoom screen
* Super + Middle mouse button – draw rectangle to zoom to
* Super + N – invert colours of current window
* Super + M – invert colours of screen (Compiz is configured for this shortcut, but the messaging indicator seems to have taken it over so it doesn’t work)
Ubuntu Community Documentation has more on keyboard shortcuts (although some of it is outdated now for Ubuntu 10.04). You can view and change some shortcuts using
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